SummaryTurn your hard work into the A-level results with the Cheeky shortcut guide to the most common topics within the sciences A-level boxset. 1A-level BiologyShortcut to A-Level Biology RevisionBy S-cool Revision 2 Biological Molecules and EnzymesCarbohydratesContain 3 elements:Carbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Oxygen (O)Carbohydrates are found in one of three forms:MonosaccharidesDisaccharides (both sugars)PolysaccharidesDisaccharides and glycosidic bondsThese are formed when two monosaccharides are condensed together.
One monosaccharide loses an H atom from carbon atom number 1 and the other loses an OH group from carbon 4 to form the bond.The reaction, which is called a condensation reaction, involves the loss of water (H2O) and the formation of a 1,4-glycosidic bond.Examples of DisaccharidesSucrose: glucose + fructose,Lactose: glucose + galactose,Maltose: glucose + glucose.Functions of carbohydratesSubstrate for respiration (glucose is essential for cardiac tissues).Intermediate in respiration (e.g. glyceraldehydes).Energy stores (e.g. Starch, glycogen).Structural (e.g. Cellulose, chitin in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal walls).Transport (e.g. Sucrose is transported in the phloem of a plant).Recognition of molecules outside a cell (e.g. Attached to proteins or lipids on cell surface membrane).LipidsLipids are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but in different proportions to carbohydrates. The most common type of lipid is the triglycerideLipids can exist as fats, oils and waxes.
1 Biological Molecules and EnzymesCarbohydratesContain 3 elements:Carbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Oxygen (O)Carbohydrates are found in one of three forms:MonosaccharidesDisaccharides (both sugars)PolysaccharidesDisaccharides and glycosidic bondsThese are formed when two monosaccharides are condensed together. One monosaccharide loses an H atom from carbon atom number 1 and the other loses an OH group from carbon 4 to form the bond.The reaction, which is called a condensation reaction, involves the loss of water (H2O) and the formation of a 1,4-glycosidic bond.Examples of DisaccharidesSucrose: glucose + fructose,Lactose: glucose + galactose,Maltose: glucose + glucose.Functions of carbohydratesSubstrate for respiration (glucose is essential for cardiac tissues).Intermediate in respiration (e.g. glyceraldehydes).Energy stores (e.g. Starch, glycogen).Structural (e.g. Cellulose, chitin in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal walls).Transport (e.g.
Sucrose is transported in the phloem of a plant).Recognition of molecules outside a cell (e.g. Attached to proteins or lipids on cell surface membrane).LipidsLipids are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but in different proportions to carbohydrates. The most common type of lipid is the triglycerideLipids can exist as fats, oils and waxes.
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A-level Sciences Revision Boxset Cheeky Revision Shortcuts Pdf Format
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